Lateral Collateral Ligament
The ligament on the lateral (outer) side of the knee connecting the femoral condyle and the fibula (outer bone of the leg) is called the lateral collateral ligament (LCL).it originates from the lateral femoral epicondyle joins the bicep femoris tendon before attaching to the head of the fibula. It is one of four major ligaments that stabilize the knee joint. It is a flat band of tough connective tissue composed of long, wiry collagen fibers.
Most LCL injuries occur in combination with, damage to other knee ligaments and structures e.g. ACL, Meniscus, and Posterolateral corner.
The function of LCL is to resist varus force, which occurs if the tibia/foot is forced inward in relation to the knee.
Causes of lateral collateral ligament Injury
The LCL injury occurs when the valgus force is too great for the ligament to resist and the ligament is overstretched. This can occur through-
- A sharp change in direction,
- Twisting the knee whilst the foot is fixed,
- Landing wrong from a jump,
- Hyperextension injury
- A blunt force hit to the knee, such as in football tackle or
- Motor vehicle accidents
The incident is usually sudden and occurs at high speed. Muscular weakness or incoordination predisposes the ligament to sprains or tear.
Symptoms of lateral collateral ligament Injury
Grades of ligament injury
The severity and symptoms of a knee ligament sprain depend on the degree of stretching or tearing of the knee
ligament. An audible snap or tearing sound at the time of ligament injury might be the patient’s complaint.
- In a grade I sprain, the ligament is mainly stretched with a minimal tear. There is a little pain, mild swelling, and slight discomfort in weight-bearing activities. A mild ligament sprain can increase the risk of a repeat injury.
- In a grade II sprain, there is a moderate tear (50-70% fibers torn). Severe pain in weight-bearing activities, Swelling, and bruising can be seen around the joint. The feeling of instability i.e. knee giving way laterally (outwards) may or may not be the complaint of the patient.
- In grade III sprain, there is a complete tear of the ligament. Swelling and under skin bleed can be seen at times. As a result, the joint is unstable and unable to bear weight. Often there is no pain following a grade 3 tear (but pain can be due to injuries to other structures) as all of the pain fibers are torn at the time of injury. With these more severe tears, other structures are at risk of injury including the meniscus and/or ACL.
Diagnosis of Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
On examination, the physiotherapist looks for signs of ligament injury and instability, tenderness over the ligament site, possible swelling, and pain with stress tests.
Stress test (for LCL injury)
MRI may be used to confirm the diagnosis and look for any concurrent injuries to surrounding structures.
Treatment for Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
Treatment of an LCL injury depends on the severity and whether there are other concurrent injuries.
- Grade I sprains may heal by themselves in a few week’s time. It may take 6-8 weeks to develop maximum strength in the ligaments (time for collagen fibers to mature). Initial treatment as always in sports injury will be relative rest, icing, compression/ supporting the joint, protection (avoid painful weight-bearing activities). Some NSAIDs can be prescribed by a physician to reduce pain.
Physiotherapy is recommended to increase the healing process. This comprises electrical modalities, soft tissue techniques, strengthening exercises to guide the direction that the ligament fibers heal. This helps to prevent a future tear.
- With a grade II sprain, weight-bearing braces/ supportive taping is a must in early treatment days to relieve pain and avoid stretching of the healing ligament. After a grade II injury, usually returning to activity is possible only once the joint is stable and there is no longer pain. This usually takes six weeks.
Physiotherapy is recommended to hasten the healing process. A physiotherapist uses some modalities, soft tissue techniques, strengthening exercises, and later on, focus on complete rehabilitation so to avoid any factor that may contribute to reoccurrence.
- With a grade III injury, the patient usually wears a hinged knee brace to protect the injury from weight-bearing stresses. The aim is to allow ligament healing and gradually return to normal activities. It may take 3-4 months to completely return to sporting activity. This is again only possible with intensive post-operative physiotherapy rehabilitation.
The aims of Physiotherapy Treatment are:
- Reduce pain and inflammation.
- Normalize joint range of motion.
- Strengthen the knee muscles.
- Strengthen lower limb muscles
- Improve patellofemoral (kneecap) alignment
- Normalize muscle lengths/ stretches
- Improve proprioception and balance
- Improve functionality e.g. walking, running, squatting, hopping, and landing.
- Guide return to sports activities and exercises
- Minimize re-injury.
However, we strongly suggest that one should discuss his/her knee injury after a thorough examination with a physiotherapist or knee surgeon. PAIN-FREE PHYSIOTHERAPY CLINIC provides appropriate diagnosis and best possible treatment for pains with ligament strain/ tear.
Knee Ligament Surgery
Most LCL injuries resolve well with conservative management, however, surgery may be considered if there is significant ligament disruption e.g. Grade III. Knee surgery may also be required if there is a significant combination of injuries involving the ACL, postero-lateral corner, and/or meniscus injury.
Risks of knee surgery include infection, persistent instability and pain, stiffness, and difficulty returning to your previous level of activity though not many cases report any complication.
Post-Surgical Rehabilitation
For successful and quick outcomes results, post-operative knee rehabilitation is one of the most important and often neglected aspects of knee surgery.
Physiotherapy Rehabilitation focuses on restoring full knee motion, strength, power and endurance, balance and proprioception, and agility training that is individualized to specific sporting or functional needs.
Prevention
A knee strengthening, agility, and proprioceptive training program is the best way to reduce the chance of a knee ligament sprain. Premature return to high-risk sports increases the chance of reoccurrence.